{"id":4649,"date":"2026-03-03T14:51:20","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T11:51:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.antbirlik.com.tr\/?p=4649"},"modified":"2026-03-03T15:08:34","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T12:08:34","slug":"milli-ekonominin-temeli-tarim-hamlesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.antbirlik.com.tr\/?p=4649","title":{"rendered":"M\u0130LL\u0130 EKONOM\u0130N\u0130N TEMEL\u0130: TARIM HAMLES\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131nda kazan\u0131lan zaferler bir ulusu kurtarabilir, evet. Ancak onu sonsuza dek ya\u015fatacak olan as\u0131l g\u00fc\u00e7, tarladaki berekettir<\/strong>. Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk<\/strong>, gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyet\u2019in can damar\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok iyi biliyordu. Fakat kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki tablo karamsard\u0131: Eski usullere hapsolmu\u015f, sava\u015flardan yorgun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz ve bitkin bir tar\u0131m sistemi…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki, bu karamsar tablo nas\u0131l oldu da modern bir \u00fcretime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131m hamlesi, sadece o g\u00fcn\u00fc kurtaran ge\u00e7ici bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fildi. Aksine; hukuktan finansa, e\u011fitimden sanayiye uzanan, her \u00e7ark\u0131 birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 devasa bir sistem tasar\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131da, Anadolu topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki o “\u00f6l\u00fc topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n” nas\u0131l at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ift\u00e7inin “milletin efendisi”<\/strong> konumuna sadece s\u00fcsl\u00fc s\u00f6zlerle de\u011fil, somut icraatlarla nas\u0131l y\u00fckseltildi\u011fini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n

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1. 1922 \u2013 Bir S\u00f6zle Ba\u015flayan Devrim: “K\u00f6yl\u00fc, Milletin Efendisidir”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk, hen\u00fcz Cumhuriyet ilan edilmeden \u00f6nce, 1 Mart 1922\u2019deki Meclis a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131nda tarihi bir deklarasyon yapt\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, yeni devletin ekonomi politikas\u0131n\u0131n pusulas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle belirledi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“T\u00fcrkiye’nin as\u0131l sahibi ve efendisi, ger\u00e7ek \u00fcretici olan k\u00f6yl\u00fcd\u00fcr. O halde, herkesten daha \u00e7ok refah, saadet ve servete m\u00fcstahak ve lay\u0131k olan k\u00f6yl\u00fcd\u00fcr.”<\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u00f6zler, sadece bir \u00f6vg\u00fc de\u011fil, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ancak \u00fcretimle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n

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2. 1923 \u2013 Yol Haritas\u0131 \u00c7iziliyor: \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hen\u00fcz Cumhuriyet\u2019in ad\u0131 bile konmam\u0131\u015fken, 1923 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u015eubat ay\u0131nda \u0130zmir\u2019de toplanan kongre, yeni devletin “ekonomi anayasas\u0131n\u0131” olu\u015fturdu. Atat\u00fcrk, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ve saban aras\u0131nda kurdu\u011fu muazzam metaforla vizyonunu ortaya koydu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 kullanan kol yorulur, sonunda k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131n\u0131na koyar… Fakat saban kullanan kol, her g\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok kuvvetlenir ve her g\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok topra\u011fa sahip olur.”<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama\u00e7 netti:<\/strong> Sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kendi kendine yeten, hatta d\u00fcnyaya \u00fcr\u00fcn satan bir \u00fcretim merkezi olmak. Kongrede al\u0131nan kararlarla yabanc\u0131lara tan\u0131nan ekonomik ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar reddedildi<\/strong>, yerli \u00fcretim koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131<\/strong> ve tar\u0131m\u0131n makinele\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ilk d\u00fc\u011fmeye bas\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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3. 1925 \u2013 \u00c7ift\u00e7inin Belini B\u00fcken Zincir K\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor: A\u015far Vergisi\u2019nin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in tar\u0131m alan\u0131ndaki en cesur ad\u0131m\u0131, halk\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck dertlerinden biri olan A\u015far Vergisi\u2019nin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Peki, A\u015far Nedir?<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan kalan ve “onda bir” anlam\u0131na gelen bu vergi, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn devlet taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan al\u0131nmas\u0131yd\u0131. Pratikte bu oran onda biri a\u015f\u0131yor, k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc “daha fazla \u00fcretmekten” korkutuyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Ne Yap\u0131ld\u0131?<\/strong> Devlet, maliyecilerin “B\u00fct\u00e7emiz batar!” \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 17 \u015eubat 1925\u2019te bu vergiyi tamamen kald\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00e7e gelirlerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %30\u2019undan, yani devasa bir kaynaktan vazge\u00e7ildi. Ama\u00e7; k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn korkmadan, \u00e7ekinmeden, bereketi cebinde kalarak \u00fcretmesiydi.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

      <\/br><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      4. 1925 \u2013 S\u00f6z De\u011fil, \u0130craat: Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Atat\u00fcrk, T\u00fcrk \u00e7ift\u00e7isine modern tar\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fcrs\u00fcden anlatmak yerine, bizzat “yaparak” g\u00f6stermeyi se\u00e7ti. Ankara\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda, “burada ot bitmez” denilen, batakl\u0131k ve verimsiz bir araziyi \u015fahsi paras\u0131yla sat\u0131n ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Amac\u0131 bilim ve teknik kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en verimsiz topra\u011f\u0131n bile nas\u0131l can bulabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Canlanan Toprak:<\/strong> Batakl\u0131klar kurutuldu, modern sulama kanallar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131, b\u00f6lgeye uygun binlerce a\u011fa\u00e7 dikildi. \u0130lk modern s\u00fct tesisleri, meyve bah\u00e7eleri ve seralar kuruldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • A\u00e7\u0131k Hava Okulu:<\/strong> \u00c7iftlik, sadece bir \u00fcretim yeri de\u011fil; \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin gelip modern makineleri (trakt\u00f6r, pulluk) g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, fidan deste\u011fi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fayan bir “uygulama okulu” oldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

          <\/br><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          5. 1926-1937 \u2013 Tarladan Fabrikaya: “\u00dc\u00e7 Beyaz” Projesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u00dcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tarlada kalmamas\u0131, i\u015flenip “katma de\u011fer” kazanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Atat\u00fcrk, tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 sanayi hamlesini “\u00dc\u00e7 Beyaz”<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen stratejik \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fczerine kurdu: Un, \u015eeker ve Pamuk.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • \u015eeker Hamlesi (1926):<\/strong> \u015eeker ithalat\u0131na son vermek i\u00e7in U\u015fak ve Alpullu \u015eeker Fabrikalar\u0131 kuruldu. K\u00f6yl\u00fcye \u015feker pancar\u0131 ekimi \u00f6\u011fretildi. Bu pancar tar\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7ift\u00e7iye sulu tar\u0131m\u0131 ve g\u00fcbrelemeyi \u00f6\u011freten bir okul i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • Pamuk ve Dokuma (1935-1937):<\/strong> Birinci Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayi Plan\u0131 ile pamu\u011fun tarladan toplan\u0131p kuma\u015f haline getirilmesi sa\u011fland\u0131. Kayseri S\u00fcmerbank Bez Fabrikas\u0131 (1935)<\/strong> ve Nazilli Basma Fabrikas\u0131 (1937)<\/strong> gibi dev tesisler, \u00e7ift\u00e7inin \u00fcretti\u011fi pamu\u011fu, devletin fabrikas\u0131nda de\u011ferli bir kuma\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Un Hamlesi (Ekmek Davas\u0131):<\/strong> Cumhuriyet’in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, bu\u011fday \u00fclkesi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kaliteli un i\u015fleyemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in un ithal ediyordu. Bu trajediyi bitirmek i\u00e7in 1920\u2019lerin sonundan itibaren yerel un fabrikalar\u0131 modernize edildi. En somut \u00f6rnek, bizzat Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn talimat\u0131yla 1930’lu y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Ankara\u2019da kurulan ve o d\u00f6nemin en modern tesisi olan Ankara Un Fabrikas\u0131<\/strong>‘d\u0131r. Bu fabrika sadece un \u00fcretmiyor, ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn bu\u011fday\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferinde alarak piyasay\u0131 dengeliyordu. Ayr\u0131ca belediyelerin b\u00fcnyesinde kurulan “Modern Ekmek Fabrikalar\u0131”<\/strong> ile halk\u0131n ucuz, hijyenik ve milli unla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ekme\u011fe ula\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkiye, 1930\u2019lar\u0131n ortas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan un alan de\u011fil, un ihra\u00e7 eden bir \u00fclke konumuna y\u00fckseldi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                <\/br><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                6. 1930 \u2013 A\u011faca Sayg\u0131, \u00dcretime Sevgi: Yalova “Y\u00fcr\u00fcyen K\u00f6\u015fk”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n

                Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn vizyonu sadece Ankara ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131. Yalova\u2019daki Millet \u00c7iftli\u011fi\u2019nde bizzat a\u011fa\u00e7 budad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle yer sofras\u0131nda yemek yedi\u011fi bilinir. 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00e7iftlikteki bir \u00e7\u0131nar a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n dal\u0131 binan\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131na vuruyor diye a\u011fac\u0131 kesmek isteyenlere, o me\u015fhur emri verdi:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

                “A\u011fa\u00e7 kesilmeyecek, bina kayd\u0131r\u0131lacak!”<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                Bu talimatla, bina m\u00fchendislik harikas\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemle raylar \u00fczerinde kayd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Y\u00fcr\u00fcyen K\u00f6\u015fk<\/strong>, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn do\u011faya ve ye\u015file verdi\u011fi de\u011ferin en somut an\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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                \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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                \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                <\/br><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                7. 1930-1933 \u2013 Ak\u0131l ve Bilimin Tarlaya \u0130nmesi: Tohum Islah\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Verimi art\u0131rman\u0131n yolu, atadan kalma tohumlar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmekten ge\u00e7iyordu. Atat\u00fcrk, “G\u00f6zlem ve deney olmadan ilerleme olmaz”<\/em> <\/strong>diyerek bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • Tohum Islah \u0130stasyonlar\u0131:<\/strong> Ye\u015filk\u00f6y, Eski\u015fehir ve Adapazar\u0131 gibi merkezlerde kurulan istasyonlarda, Anadolu\u2019nun iklimine en uygun, hastal\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bu\u011fday tohumlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • Y\u00fcksek Ziraat Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (1933):<\/strong> Art\u0131k sadece tecr\u00fcbe yetmiyordu, bilim laz\u0131md\u0131. Ankara\u2019da kurulan bu enstit\u00fcye Almanya\u2019dan ka\u00e7an d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc profes\u00f6rler davet edildi. Toprak analizleri yap\u0131ld\u0131, hayvan hastal\u0131klar\u0131yla m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftirildi ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcye rehberlik edecek donan\u0131ml\u0131 ziraat m\u00fchendisleri yeti\u015ftirildi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                    <\/br><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    8. 1935-1936 \u2013 Birlikten Do\u011fan G\u00fc\u00e7: Tar\u0131m Kredi Kooperatifleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u00c7ift\u00e7inin tefecinin eline d\u00fc\u015fmemesi, finansa eri\u015febilmesi ve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferinde satabilmesi i\u00e7in “\u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi” \u015fartt\u0131. Ziraat Bankas\u0131’n\u0131n imkanlar\u0131 geni\u015fletildi ve kooperatif\u00e7ilik sistemine b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131z verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • 1 Numaral\u0131 Ortak:<\/strong> Atat\u00fcrk, kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin \u00f6nemini bizzat g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in Silifke Tekir \u00c7iftli\u011fi Tar\u0131m Kredi Kooperatifi\u2019nin kurucusu oldu ve “1 numaral\u0131 \u00fcye” olarak kaydoldu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
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                      • Kurumsal Yap\u0131:<\/strong> 1935\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunla \u00e7ift\u00e7inin alet, tohum ve g\u00fcbre ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 uygun \u015fartlarda kar\u015f\u0131layacak devlet destekli bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Antbirlik, Tari\u015f, \u00c7ukobirlik gibi dev kurumlar\u0131n temeli bu vizyonla at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                        <\/br><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        9. 1938 \u2013 \u00c7ift\u00e7inin Kara G\u00fcn Dostu: TMO’nun Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Buhran\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fcnya genelinde \u00e7ak\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bu krizden ezilerek \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in devlet, piyasaya do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahale etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        • Devlet Al\u0131m Garantisi:<\/strong> Devlet, bu\u011fday\u0131 \u00f6nceden belirlenen taban fiyattan sat\u0131n alarak depolamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                            \n
                          • Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi:<\/strong> Bu korumac\u0131 uygulama, Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn vefat\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce temelleri at\u0131lan ve 1938’de kurulan Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi’nin (TMO) do\u011fu\u015fudur. Ama\u00e7, “Ofis \u00e7ift\u00e7inin kara g\u00fcn dostudur”<\/em> ilkesiyle, \u00fcreticinin al\u0131n terinin de\u011ferini korumakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                            <\/br><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Gelece\u011fe B\u0131rak\u0131lan Miras<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn tar\u0131ma bak\u0131\u015f\u0131, sava\u015f yorgunu bir \u00fclkenin sadece o g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kurtarma tela\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca t\u0131k\u0131r t\u0131k\u0131r i\u015fleyecek devasa bir sistemin in\u015fas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/strong> O, topra\u011f\u0131 sadece \u00fczerinde ya\u015fan\u0131lan bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, milletin tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan as\u0131l can damar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Bu vizyonla 1923\u2019te ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck seferberlik, \u00f6nce k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn belini b\u00fcken a\u011f\u0131r vergilerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla, ard\u0131ndan tarlan\u0131n birer bilim yuvas\u0131na (enstit\u00fclere ve \u00f6rnek \u00e7iftliklere) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle devam etti. \u00dcreticinin yaln\u0131z kalmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kooperatifle\u015fme hamlesiyle tarladaki emek kurumsal bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            Bug\u00fcn sofralar\u0131m\u0131za gelen s\u0131cak ekmekte, \u00fczerimize giydi\u011fimiz pamuklu k\u0131yafetlerde ve i\u015flenen her kar\u0131\u015f bereketli toprakta, o g\u00fcn at\u0131lan temellerin izleri vard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda yap\u0131lanlar basit bir reform de\u011fil, etkileri bug\u00fcne kadar uzanan ger\u00e7ek bir tar\u0131msal kalk\u0131nma devrimidir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            Sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131nda kazan\u0131lan zaferler bir ulusu kurtarabilir, evet. Ancak onu sonsuza dek ya\u015fatacak olan as\u0131l g\u00fc\u00e7, tarladaki berekettir. Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyet\u2019in can damar\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok iyi biliyordu. Fakat kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki tablo karamsard\u0131: Eski usullere hapsolmu\u015f, sava\u015flardan yorgun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz ve bitkin bir tar\u0131m sistemi… Peki, bu karamsar tablo nas\u0131l oldu da modern 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